Heart Rate
When locomotor activity is brief, physiological steady state conditions are not attained. It is therefore difficult to model the energetic costs of intermittent activity using standard methods. This difficulty is addressed by considering as reflective of the metabolic costs of activity not only the oxygen consumed during the activity itself, but also the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and any excess metabolites persisting at the end of EPOC.
So lets look at it this way, any activity that causes an influx in HR over a long period of time reaching steady state will produce a training effect that will improve cardiac function. This will mean an increase is stroke volume and a lowering in resting heart rate.
By using this method it can be determined that any activity that increase heart rate will produce this effect. Swimming, Cycling, Running, hand ergometer, etc.
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